Biology

Chemokine

Paleontology

Tight junction

Immunology

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin

Context (archaeology)

Cell biology

Immune system

Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology

The main interfaces controlling and attempting to homeostatically balance communications between the host and the environment are the epithelial barriers of the skin, gastrointestinal system, and airways. The epithelial barrier constitutes the first line of physical, chemical, and immunologic defenses and provides a protective wall against environmental factors. Following the industrial revolution in the 19th century, urbanization and socioeconomic development have led to an increase in energy consumption, and waste discharge, leading to increased exposure to air pollution and chemical hazards.

Environmental factors in epithelial barrier dysfunction