Recent progress in the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the measurement, monitoring, diagnosis and optimization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell performance

The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), including reaction activity and durability, requires further improvement before large-scale commercialization, particularly in hydrogen-fueled automotive applications. However, PEMFCs are complex and non-linear systems with multi-physics at different scales in which many factors can affect performance, including external operating conditions and internal core components. Because of...