Psychology

Social psychology

Ligament

Facet (psychology)

Cadaver

Ossification

Anatomy

Personality

Big Five personality traits

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Cadaveric spasm

Lumbar

Biomechanics

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Facet joint

Intervertebral disc

Lumbar vertebrae

Medicine

The Spine Journal

Background ContextThe contribution of anatomical structures to the stability of the spine is of great relevance for diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic evaluation of spinal pathologies. Although a plethora of literature is available, the contribution of anatomical structures is still not well understood.PurposeWe aimed to quantify the biomechanical relevance of each of the passive spinal structure trough deliberate biomechanical test series using a stepwise reduction approach on cadavers.Study designBiomechanical cadaveric study.MethodsFifty lumbar spinal segments originating from 22 human lumbar cadavers were biomechanically tested in a displacement-controlled stepwise reduction study: the intertransverse ligaments, the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments, the facet joint capsules (FJC), the facet joints (FJ), the ligamentum flavum (LF), the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL), and the anterior longitudinal ligament were subsequently reduced. In the intact state and after each transection step, the segments were physiologically loaded in flexion, extension, axial rotation (AR), lateral bending (LB) and with anterior (AS), posterior (PS) and lateral shear (LS). Thirty-two specimens with only minor degeneration, representing a reasonably healthy subpopulation, were selected for the here presented evaluation. Quantitative values for load and spinal level dependent contribution patterns for the anatomical structures were derived.ResultsSmall variability between of the contribution patterns are observed. The intervertebral disc (IVD) is exposed to about 67% of the applied load in LB and during shear loading, but less by load in flexion, extension and AR (less than 35%). The FJ&FJC are the main stabilizers in AR with 49%, but provide only 10% of the stability in extension. Beside the IVD, the LF and the PLL contribute mainly in flexion (22% and 16%, respectively), while the ALL plays a major role during extension (40%) and also contributes during LB (15%). The contribution of the intertransverse ligaments and the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments are very small in all loading directions (<2% and <6%, respectively).ConclusionThe IVD takes the main load in LB and absorbs shear loading, while the FJ&FJC stabilize AR. The ALL resists extension while LF and PLL stabilize flexion. With the small variability of contribution patterns, suggesting distinct adaptation of the structures to one another, the biomechanical characteristics of one structure have to be put in context of the whole spinal segment.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe novel information on load distribution helps predict the biomechanical consequences of surgical procedures in more detail.

Biomechanical contribution of spinal structures to stability of the lumbar spine—novel biomechanical insights