Robot

Cognitive psychology

Philosophy

Psychoanalysis

Neuroscience

Social psychology

Cognition

Uncanny

Computer science

Uncanny valley

Simple (philosophy)

Mental image

Cognitive science

Rendering (computer graphics)

Psychology

Epistemology

Artificial intelligence

Artificial general intelligence

Mental model

Human–computer interaction

International Journal of Human-Computer Studies

Digital technologies are advancing rapidly, growing to be more human-like and intelligent by the day. However, research shows that a machine's resemblance to humans can reach a critical level, which makes it seem uncanny to observers. While scholars have discussed this effect in terms of both human-like appearances and mental abilities, a potential interaction between the two aspects has hardly been addressed in literature. We designed a two-factorial experiment to overcome the identified research gap, introducing participants to digital agents with varying embodiment (text interface/human rendering) and mental capacity (simple algorithms/complex artificial intelligence). Our results show that the interaction of both factors indeed affects participants’ experience in a crucial way: Whereas an agent based on simple algorithms only evokes discomfort when embedded in a human-like body, the artificial intelligence is always perceived as eerie, regardless of its embodiment. Yet, additional findings raise doubts on the unidimensionality of participants’ affective response.

Matter over mind? How the acceptance of digital entities depends on their appearance, mental prowess, and the interaction between both