A displacement-based and explicit non-planar 3D crack propagation model in the generalized/extended finite element method

The displacement-based methods for the extraction of the Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) were created decades ago and, since them, they have been used in a wide range of numerical analysis, most of them based on standard 2D Finite Element Method (FEM). Although the accuracy of the SIFs computed by the displacement-based methods generally be inferior compared with the energy release methods, the use of the former methods have been motivated by...