Supply chain

Ecosystem

Business

Pedagogy

Key (lock)

Investment (military)

Mathematics

Biology

Politics

Agriculture

Logging

Distribution (mathematics)

Marketing

Mathematical analysis

Political science

Psychology

Economics

Natural resource economics

Ecology

Fishing

Industrial organization

Transformative learning

Science

We agree with Ceddia that investment can play a key role in achieving the transformative change that is necessary to reverse nature's ongoing decline. In our Review, we pointed to the large impact of extractive industries, the unequal distribution of wealth associated with trade flows, and the handful of transnational corporations that control the majority of supply chains in agriculture, fishing, logging, and mining. Changing investment in these sectors can profoundly affect the future of nature.

Investments' role in ecosystem degradation—Response