Quantum mechanics

Context (archaeology)

Catalysis

Scale (ratio)

Biology

Yield (engineering)

Materials science

Reaction rate

Coupling reaction

Microreactor

SCALE-UP

Classical mechanics

Scaling

Batch reactor

Paleontology

Photon

Thermodynamics

Physics

Organic chemistry

Continuous flow

Mathematics

Optics

Flow (mathematics)

Geometry

Chemistry

Mechanics

Photocatalysis

Volumetric flow rate

Flow chemistry

Angewandte Chemie International Edition

With the development of new photocatalytic methods over recent decades, the translation of these chemical reactions to industrial-production scales using continuous-flow reactors has become a topic of increasing interest. In this context, we describe our studies toward elucidating an empirically derived parameter for scaling photocatalytic reactions in flow. By evaluating the performance of a photocatalytic C-N cross-coupling reaction across multiple reactor sizes and geometries, it was demonstrated that expressing product yield as a function of the absorbed photon equivalents provides a predictive, empirical scaling parameter. Through the use of this scaling factor and characterization of the photonic flux within each reactor, the cross-coupling was scaled successfully from the milligram scale in batch to a multi-kilogram reaction in flow.

Photon Equivalents as a Parameter for Scaling Photoredox Reactions in Flow: Translation of Photocatalytic C−N Cross‐Coupling from Lab Scale to Multikilogram Scale