Three-dimensional printing and models: Current applications, limitations, and trends in spinal surgery

With advancements in manufacturing techniques and preparation of biomaterials, the clinical applications of three-dimensional printing (3DP) are increasing in the field of spine surgery. Initially, 3DP technology was most commonly used for purposes of education and pre-operative planning. More recently, the creation of patient-specific instrumentation guides and implants have gained attention as both a means of increasing safety and accuracy in...