Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Context (archaeology)

Intensive care medicine

Type 2 diabetes

Biology

Stomach

Exenatide

Endocrinology

Receptor

Agonist

Incretin

Paleontology

Glucagon-like peptide-1

Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor

Insulin resistance

Glycemic

Internal medicine

Pharmacology

Gastric emptying

Medicine

Adipose tissue

Glucose homeostasis

Diabetes mellitus

Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists improve glucose homeostasis, reduce bodyweight, and over time benefit cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, dose-related gastrointestinal effects limit efficacy, and therefore agents possessing GLP-1 pharmacology that can also target alternative pathways may expand the therapeutic index. One approach is to engineer GLP-1 activity into the sequence of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Although the therapeutic implications of the lipogenic actions of GIP are debated, its ability to improve lipid and glucose metabolism is especially evident when paired with the anorexigenic mechanism of GLP-1. We review the complexity of GIP in regulating adipose tissue function and energy balance in the context of recent findings in T2DM showing that dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy produces profound weight loss, glycemic control, and lipid lowering.

How May GIP Enhance the Therapeutic Efficacy of GLP-1?