Anti-VEGF therapy resistance in ovarian cancer is caused by GM-CSF-induced myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment

The mechanism of resistance development to anti-VEGF therapy in ovarian cancer is unclear. We focused on the changes in tumour immunity post anti-VEGF therapy.The frequencies of immune cell populations and hypoxic conditions in the resistant murine tumours and clinical samples were examined. The expression profiles of both the proteins and genes in the resistant tumours were analysed. The impact of granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor...