Retinoid X receptor

Gene

Thyroid hormone receptor

Mineralocorticoid receptor

Liver X receptor

Biology

Prostate cancer

Retinoid X receptor alpha

Constitutive androstane receptor

Estrogen-related receptor gamma

Endocrinology

Receptor

Biochemistry

Endocrine system

Estrogen receptor

Androgen receptor

Nuclear receptor

Farnesoid X receptor

PELP-1

Internal medicine

Transcription factor

Hormone

Medicine

Chemistry

Pregnane X receptor

Breast cancer

Cancer

Endocrine disruptor

Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that are suspected to cause adverse effects in the endocrine system mainly by acting through their interaction with nuclear receptors such as the estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ), the androgen receptor (AR), the pregnan X receptor (PXR), the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors α and γ (PPARα, PPARγ) and the thyroid receptors α and β (TRα and TRβ). More recently, the retinoid X receptors (RXRα, RXRβ and RXRγ), the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the estrogen related receptor γ (ERRγ) have also been identified as targets of EDCs. Finally, nuclear receptors still poorly studied for their interaction with environmental ligands such as the progesterone receptor (PR), the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), the retinoic acid receptors (RAR α, RARβ and RARγ), the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and the liver X receptors α and β (LXRα and LXβ) as well are suspected targets of EDCs. Humans are generally exposed to low doses of pollutants, therefore the aim of current research is to identify the targets of EDCs at environmental concentrations. In this review, we analyze recent works referring that nuclear receptors are targets of EDCs and we highlight which EDCs are able to act at low concentrations.

Nuclear receptors are the major targets of endocrine disrupting chemicals