<h2>ABSTRACT</h2> Previous research reported that fermented yak milk had a diverse microbial composition. For this study, raw yak milk, qula, and fermented yak milk samples were collected from the Aba Tibetan autonomous region of China. The genus and species microbial composition of these samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and <i>groEL</i> gene amplicons, and the volatile profile of the samples was quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The results indicated variation in abundance of microbiota at the genus level among the fermented yak milk samples, with <i>Lactobacillus</i> as the most abundant genus in the majority of samples, ranging from 41.6 to 98.3%. The volatile profile of the samples varied among those collected from different villages. Correlations between bacterial composition and volatile compounds of the samples were also observed. <i>Lactobacillus</i> displayed a significant correlation with volatile compounds such as benzaldehyde, 2,3-pentanedione, ethanol, and ethyl acetate, whereas the samples with relatively high abundance of <i>Streptococcus</i> and <i>Lactococcus</i> displayed relatively low contents of volatile compounds.