Structural basin

Archaeology

Phanerozoic

Paleoanthropology

Theria

Composition (language)

Osteology

Evolutionary biology

Biology

Zoology

Philosophy

Paleontology

Geography

Linguistics

Cenozoic

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Significance The limited knowledge we have of the size and composition of Neandertal social groups is usually based on indirect approaches using archeological or osteological data. In contrast, footprints provide more direct information about group size and composition. However, they are scarce in the fossil record, particularly for Neandertals. The discovery of 257 footprints at Le Rozel (Normandy, France) opens up a new approach for studies of the composition of Neandertal groups. By applying a morphometric method to a sample of fossil footprints made during a single brief occupation event, our analysis shows that they represent a small group with a majority of children and thus provides direct evidence of the composition of a Neandertal group.

The composition of a Neandertal social group revealed by the hominin footprints at Le Rozel (Normandy, France)