Electrical engineering

Physics

Engineering

Energy transformation

Nanotechnology

Environmentally friendly

Political science

Zero-energy building

Ecology

Materials science

Process engineering

Efficient energy use

Desalination

Solar desalination

Commercialization

Membrane

Solar energy

Genetics

Engineering physics

Biology

Thermodynamics

Advanced Functional Materials

Direct solar steam generation (DSSG) offers a promising, sustainable, and environmentally friendly solution to the energy and water crisis. In the past decades, DSSG has gained tremendous attention due to its potential applications for clean water production, desalination, wastewater treatment, and electric energy harvesting. Even though the solar–thermal conversion efficiency has approached 100% under 1 sun illumination (1 kW m−2) using various photothermal materials and systems, the optimization of the materials and system structure remains unclear because of the lack of evaluation methods in unity for the output efficiency. In this review, a few key concerns about different dimensional materials and systems that determine the characteristics of DSSG are explored. Quantitative analysis, including calculations and methods for the solar–thermal conversion efficiency, evaporation rate, and energy loss, is employed to evaluate the materials and systems from the point of view of ultimate utilization. This article focuses on the relationship between the system dimension and energy efficiency and notes opportunities for future system design and commercialization of DSSG.

Development and Evolution of the System Structure for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation from Zero to Three Dimensions