Identification (biology)

Gene–environment interaction

Clinical psychology

Biology

Gene

Genotype

Psychiatry

Etiology

Developmental psychology

Single-nucleotide polymorphism

Psychology

Ecology

Schizophrenia (object-oriented programming)

Polygenic risk score

Substance abuse

Computer science

Computer security

Genetics

Medicine

Vulnerability (computing)

Current Psychiatry Reports

Purpose of Review We review recent developments on risk factors in schizophrenia. Recent Findings The way we think about schizophrenia today is profoundly different from the way this illness was seen in the twentieth century. We now know that the etiology of schizophrenia is multifactorial and reflects an interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental contributors. Environmental risk factors such as pregnancy and birth complications, childhood trauma, migration, social isolation, urbanicity, and substance abuse, alone and in combination, acting at a number of levels over time, influence the individual’s likelihood to develop the disorder. Summary Environmental risk factors together with the identification of a polygenic risk score for schizophrenia, research on gene–environment interaction and environment–environment interaction have hugely increased our knowledge of the disorder.

Non-Genetic Factors in Schizophrenia