gaba

controllability

validity_67908

vascular development

tenosynovitis

whole-grain

oxford academic pubmed_121241

coexpression

Energy Policy

In this article, we develop an empirical model to investigate the causal link amid renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, GDP and carbon emissions by using a panel of 9 Mediterranean countries over the period 1980–2014. Using the PMG panel ARDL and panel econometric technics, heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence among the panel were considered to explore the long and short-run dynamic relationships as well as the validity of a proposed model. The results provide panel empirical evidence that there is short-term bidirectional causality between GDP, renewable electricity consumption and CO 2 emissions and between non-renewable electricity consumption, GDP and renewable electricity consumption. For the long-term causal relationship, the result indicates that there is bidirectional causality between non-renewable electricity consumption and CO 2 emissions. However, there is evidence of unidirectional causal relationships from GDP to CO 2 emissions and non-renewable electricity consumption and from renewable electricity consumption to CO 2 emissions. The findings imply that non-renewable electricity consumption and economic growth stimulate CO 2 emissions in southern and northern Mediterranean countries, while renewable electricity reduces them. This empirical evidence suggests that expansion of renewable energy sources is a viable strategy for addressing energy security and reducing carbon emissions to protect the environment for future generations.

Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, environmental degradation and economic development: Evidence from Mediterranean countries