The tumor immune microenvironment in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.

Published on Dec 1, 2019in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta: Bioenergetics3.465
· DOI :10.1016/J.BBCAN.2019.188311
Wu-Hu Zhang7
Estimated H-index: 7
 , Wen-Quan Wang15
Estimated H-index: 15
 + 2 AuthorsLiang Liu29
Estimated H-index: 29
Sources
Abstract
Abstract Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a group of rare tumors that are increasing in prevalence. The complex tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays an important role in tumor development and the response to immunotherapy but is poorly understood. In this review, the components of the TIME are described in detail, including discussion about infiltrating immune cells, the immune checkpoint system, the cytokine and chemokine milieu, and immunomodulatory factors. Moreover, a comparison between TIMEs among different types of GEP-NENs and the interplay among the TIME, tumor cells, and the stromal microenvironment is described. Novel treatment options for GEP-NENs and potential biomarkers for the immune response are also characterized. We provide a comprehensive generalized review of the TIME that can inform GEP-NEN treatment strategies.
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Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) constitute a plastic and heterogeneous cell population of the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can account for up to 50% of some solid neoplasms. Most often, TAMs support disease progression and resistance to therapy by providing malignant cells with trophic and nutritional support. However, TAMs can mediate antineoplastic effects, especially in response to pharmacological agents that boost their phagocytic and oxidative functions. Thus, TAMs and their impact...
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