Internal medicine

Vemurafenib

Lenvatinib

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Dabrafenib

Thyroid

Biology

Cancer

Oncology

Kinase

Trametinib

Thyroid cancer

Vandetanib

Cabozantinib

Targeted therapy

Sorafenib

Medullary thyroid cancer

Anaplastic thyroid cancer

MAPK/ERK pathway

Cell biology

Metastatic melanoma

Cancer research

Medicine

Endocrine Reviews

The treatment of advanced thyroid cancer has undergone rapid evolution in the last decade, with multiple kinase inhibitor drug approvals for each subtype of thyroid cancer and a number of other commercially available drugs that have been studied for this indication. Although most of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved drugs are antiangiogenic multikinase inhibitors—vandetanib, cabozantinib, sorafenib, lenvatinib—there are two FDA indications that are mutation specific—dabrafenib/trametinib for BRAF-mutated anaplastic thyroid cancer and larotrectinib for NTRK-fusion thyroid cancer. Furthermore, other mutation-specific drugs, immunotherapies, and novel strategies for advanced thyroid cancer are under investigation. Understanding the molecular basis of thyroid cancer, the drugs of interest for treatment of advanced thyroid cancer, and how these drugs can be administered safely and in the appropriate clinical scenario are the topics of this review.

Targeted Therapy for Advanced Thyroid Cancer: Kinase Inhibitors and Beyond