Motion (physics)

Wrist

Biomechanics

Surgery

Computer science

Classical mechanics

Carpal bones

Range of motion

Physics

Ulnar deviation

Anatomy

Lunate

Artificial intelligence

Orthodontics

Kinematics

Medicine

Journal of Orthopaedic Research®

ABSTRACT The wrist can be considered a 2 degrees‐of‐freedom joint with all movements reflecting the combination of flexion–extension and radial–ulnar deviation. Wrist motions are accomplished by the kinematic reduction of the 42 degrees‐of‐freedom of the individual carpal bones. While previous studies have demonstrated the minimal motion of the scaphoid and lunate as the wrist moves along the dart‐thrower's path or small relative motion between hamate‐capitate‐trapezoid, an understanding of the kinematics of the complete carpus across all wrist motions remains lacking. To address this, we assembled an open‐source database of in vivo carpal motions and developed mathematical models of the carpal kinematics as a function of wrist motion. Quadratic surfaces were trained for each of the 42‐carpal bone degrees‐of‐freedom and the goodness of fits were evaluated. Using the models, paths of wrist motion that generated minimal carpal rotations or translations were determined. Model predictions were best for flexion–extension, radial–ulnar deviation, and volar–dorsal translations for all carpal bones with R 2 &gt; 0.8, while the estimates were least effective for supination‐pronation with R 2 &lt; 0.6. The wrist path of motion's analysis indicated that the distal row of carpal bones moves rigidly together (&lt;3° motion), along the anatomical axis of wrist motion, while the bones in the proximal row undergo minimal motion when the wrist moves in a path oblique to the main axes. The open‐source dataset along with its graphical user interface and mathematical models should facilitate clinical visualization and enable new studies of carpal kinematics and function. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 37:2661–2670, 2019

Predicting Carpal Bone Kinematics Using an Expanded Digital Database of Wrist Carpal Bone Anatomy and Kinematics