Organic matter and nutrients removal in hybrid constructed wetlands: Influence of saturation

Three hybrid wetland systems were studied for organics and nutrients removal from synthetic wastewater recipe. Each system included a vertical flow (VF) followed by a horizontal flow (HF) wetland. The wetlands were filled with common and unconventional media (gravel, biochar and sand) with different saturation and water depth ratio. Input N, P and COD loadings ranged between 48–145, 1–7 and 56–191 g/m2 d, respectively across first stage VF...