Video-Rate Non-Raster AFM Imaging With Cycloid Trajectory

We demonstrate the application of the internal model principle in tracking a sequential cycloid trajectory to achieve video-rate atomic force microscope (AFM) imaging. To generate a sequential cycloid pattern, one axis of the nanopositioner traces a sinusoidal signal superimposed on a slow triangular wave. Discontinuities at turning points induce large peaks in the steady-state tracking error. To address this issue, a smooth trajectory is...