Efficacy of a new graphene–platinum nanofluid in tubes fitted with single and twin twisted tapes regarding counter and co-swirling flows for efficient use of energy

Hydrothermal attributes and energy efficiency of a new graphene–platinum nanofluid in tubes fitted with different twisted tapes are numerically investigated. The configurations under study include single twisted tape (ST), twin co-twisted tapes (CoTs) and twin counter twisted tapes (CTs) causing counter or co-swirling flows. The twin tapes generate two strong swirl flows, while the single tape creates only one swirl flow. With the concentration...