Filler materials in composite out-of-plane joints – A review

Out-of-plane joints, such as joints between T, I, Z, L and hat (omega) stiffeners and skin panels are essential part of composite structures. To ensure the integrity of these assemblies, the inclusion of a filler material in the junction region between the skin, flanges and web is necessary. The conventional filler is a rolled unidirectional fibre bundle or resin filling, but there are many other proposed methods in the literature. This paper...