Biomedical engineering

Endoscopic sinus surgery

Augmented reality

Surgery

Operating system

Medical physics

3d model

Computer science

Virtual reality

Modular design

Endoscope

Endoscopy

Simulation

Skull

3d printed

Mixed reality

Artificial intelligence

Medicine

Human–computer interaction

Computer vision

Otolaryngology

The surgeon's knowledge of a patient's individual anatomy is critical in skull base surgery. Trainees and experienced surgeons can benefit from surgical simulation; however, current models are expensive and impractical for widespread use. In this study, we report a next‐generation mixed‐reality surgical simulator. We segmented critical anatomic structures for 3‐dimensional (3D) models to develop a modular teaching tool. We then developed a navigation tracking system utilizing a 3D‐printed endoscope as a trackable virtual‐reality (VR) controller and validated the accuracy on VR and 3D‐printed skull models within 1 cm. We combined VR and augmented‐reality visual cues with our 3D physical model to simulate sinus endoscopy and highlight segmented structures in real time. This report provides evidence that a mixed‐reality simulator combining VR and 3D‐printed models is feasible and may prove useful as an educational tool that is low cost and customizable.

Virtual Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery Simulation with 3D‐Printed Models for Mixed‐Reality Nasal Endoscopy