Function (biology)

microRNA

Regulation of gene expression

Gene silencing

Argonaute

Biology

Gene

Cell biology

RNA interference

Computational biology

Genetics

Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology

Since their serendipitous discovery in nematodes, microRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of biological processes in animals. These small RNAs form complex networks that regulate cell differentiation, development and homeostasis. Deregulation of miRNA function is associated with an increasing number of human diseases, particularly cancer. Recent discoveries have expanded our understanding of the control of miRNA function. Here, we review the mechanisms that modulate miRNA activity, stability and cellular localization through alternative processing and maturation, sequence editing, post-translational modifications of Argonaute proteins, viral factors, transport from the cytoplasm and regulation of miRNA–target interactions. We conclude by discussing intriguing, unresolved research questions. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of biological processes. Recent discoveries have expanded our understanding of the control of miRNA function in animals, through alternative processing, miRNA-sequence editing, post-translational modifications of Argonaute proteins, subcellular localization and regulation of miRNA–target interactions.

Regulation of microRNA function in animals