Ecology

Biology

Geotechnical engineering

Computer science

Earth science

Geology

Outgassing

Computer network

Organic chemistry

STREAMS

Geography

Hydrology (agriculture)

Environmental science

Fossil fuel

Chemistry

Meteorology

Atmosphere (unit)

Carbon dioxide

Biosphere

Science

Expanding the role of rivers The surfaces of rivers and streams are interfaces for a host of chemical exchanges with the atmosphere and biosphere. For instance, carbon dioxide outgassing from rivers is estimated to be equivalent to one-fifth of combined emissions from fossil fuel combustion and cement production. Allen and Pavelsky used satellite imagery to estimate the surface area of rivers and streams (see the Perspective by Palmer and Ruhi). The stunning map that they generated results in an upward revision, by about one-third, to the total surface area of rivers and streams on Earth. Science , this issue p. 585 ; see also p. 546

Global extent of rivers and streams