Carbon emissions and their drivers for a typical urban economy from multiple perspectives: A case analysis for Beijing city

Understanding carbon emission profile of cities from multiple perspectives is a prerequisite to design just and effective carbon reduction policies. Previous studies on CO2 emissions by cities are usually confined to production or consumption-based perspective, while income-based perspective has been neglected. To fill the gap, direct emissions (a.k.a. production-based emissions), upstream emissions driven by final demand (a.k.a....