Electrical engineering

Biotechnology

Archaeology

Biology

Gene

Mainland China

Epistemology

Engineering

Philosophy

Voltage

Vector control

China

Pesticide

Geography

Artemisinin

Ecology

Immunology

Pyrethroid

Malaria

Plasmodium falciparum

Indoor residual spraying

Mainland

Cyfluthrin

Mosquito control

Toxicology

Knockdown resistance

Recombinant DNA

Mechanism (biology)

Vector (molecular biology)

Genetics

Induction motor

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Significance Eliminating malaria from islands should, in theory, be easier than eliminating malaria from countries in mainland Africa because of restricted movement of insects and people between treated and untreated areas. The example of Bioko Island, where the entomological inoculation rate in 2004 was among the highest in Africa, demonstrates how difficult this can be. Vector control has eliminated two of the four vector species, and malaria has been dramatically reduced. This study demonstrates rapid evolution of resistance following reintroduction of pyrethroid-based control interventions, with the selection of a P450-based mechanism (CYP9K1). Urban malaria, movement of infected people from the mainland, and selection of this pyrethroid-resistance mechanism in addition to knockdown resistance has impeded progress and forced a change to nonpyrethroid indoor residual spraying.

Rapid selection of a pyrethroid metabolic enzyme CYP9K1 by operational malaria control activities