The Role of Macrophages in Acute and Chronic Wound Healing and Interventions to Promote Pro-wound Healing Phenotypes

Macrophages play key roles in all phases of adult wound healing, which are inflammation, proliferation and remodeling. As wounds heal, the local macrophage population transitions from predominantly pro-inflammatory (M1-like phenotypes) to anti-inflammatory (M2-like phenotypes). Non-healing chronic wounds, such as pressure, arterial, venous and diabetic ulcers indefinitely remain in inflammation—the first stage of wound healing. Thus, local...