Analysis of Mechanical Forces Used During Laparoscopic Training Procedures

To assess the significance of a surgeon's experience on the mechanical forces applied to tissues through laparoscopic instruments.A total of 34 participants were enrolled into the study (8 experts, 10 intermediates, and 16 novices). Laparoscopic graspers with a sensing module to detect load were used by participants to carry out six ex vivo tasks: to grasp a porcine ureter in three positions either 1, 5, or 10 times, in turn, with both dominant...