Innovative method for recognizing subgrade defects based on a convolutional neural network

Subgrade defects originate below the base of an asphalt pavement and they contribute significantly to pavement damage. The detection of subgrade defects is considered challenging because the recognition of defects is difficult. Therefore, the utilization of ground penetrating radar (GPR) to detect subgrade defects has attracted significant interest in recent years. However, the use of manually processed GPR images for classifying defects is...