Finance

Perspective (graphical)

International trade

Mathematics

Macroeconomics

Management

Fungibility

Economic geography

Economics

International economics

Internationalization

Geometry

Divestment

International business

Journal of International Business Studies

We adopt a Penrosean perspective to study the effect of rapid international expansion on the subsequent divestment of international operations. We draw on regional strategy theory and differentiate Penrosean managerial resources by their geographical fungibility to argue that the effect of rapid international expansion on the divestment of international operations varies with the regional patterns of firms' international expansion and international experience. We test our hypotheses using two-stage least squares (2SLS) estimation on data that capture the international expansion and divestment of retailers over the period 2003–2012.

Explaining the effect of rapid internationalization on horizontal foreign divestment in the retail sector: An extended Penrosean perspective