Resistance to nonribosomal peptide antibiotics mediated by d-stereospecific peptidases

Nonribosomal peptide antibiotics, including polymyxin, vancomycin, and teixobactin, most of which contain d-amino acids, are highly effective against multidrug-resistant bacteria. However, overusing antibiotics while ignoring the risk of resistance arising has inexorably led to widespread emergence of resistant bacteria. Therefore, elucidation of the emerging mechanisms of resistance to nonribosomal peptide antibiotics is critical to their...