Back stress in strain hardening of carbon nanotube/aluminum composites

As demonstrated by the loading–unloading tests and the modeling of the grain size effect and the composite effect, mainly owing to the back stress induced by CNTs, carbon nanotube/aluminum (CNT/Al) composites exhibit higher strain hardening capability than the unreinforced ultrafine-grained Al matrix. The back stress induced by CNTs should arise from the interfacial image force and the long-range interaction between statically stored...