Comprehensive characterization of the in vitro and in vivo metabolites of limonin in human samples using LC-Q-TOF/MS

Limonin is a bitter triterpenoid dilactone in the genus Citrus with potential medicinal value. In this study, the metabolism of limonin in human was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-Q-TOF-MS). A total of 7 metabolites were identified from human samples. Among them, 3 metabolites of M1, M2 and M4 were detected in urine and feces, and the others were found in intestinal...