Microfluidic electrochemical multiplex detection of bladder cancer DNA markers

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most difficult cancers to diagnose, and is reportedly the most expensive cancer to treat and monitor due to the lack of accurate chemical sensors; only limited methods are available, which usually are restricted to cytology and cystoscopy. Thus a system is urgently needed to detect biomarkers that give an unambiguous diagnosis on BC, as it currently is among the top five cancers occurring. Here we present a...