High Smad7 sustains inflammatory cytokine response in refractory coeliac disease

Summary Refractory coeliac disease ( RCD ) is a form of coeliac disease ( CD ) resistant to gluten‐free diet and associated with elevated risk of complications. Many effector cytokines over‐produced in the gut of patients with RCD are supposed to amplify the tissue‐destructive immune response, but it remains unclear if the RCD ‐associated mucosal inflammation is sustained by defects in counter‐regulatory mechanisms. The aim of the present study...