Physics

Spelling

Corrective feedback

Multimedia

Epistemology

Mathematics education

Philosophy

Artificial intelligence

Management

Psychology

Economics

Natural language processing

Class (philosophy)

Grammar

Quality (philosophy)

Sentence

Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)

Computer science

Linguistics

Task (project management)

Quantum mechanics

Peer feedback

IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies

Writing an essay is a very important skill for students to master, but a difficult task for them to overcome. It is particularly true for English as Second Language (ESL) students in China. It would be very useful if students could receive timely and effective feedback about their writing. Automatic essay feedback generation is a challenging task, which requires understanding the relationship between the text features of the essay and feedback. In this study, we first analyzed 1,290 teacher comments on their 327 Englishmajor students and annotated the feedback on seven aspects of writing, including the grammar, spelling, sentence diversity, structure, organization, supporting ideas, coherence, and conclusion, for each paper. Then, an automatic feedback classification experiment was conducted with the machine learning approach. Finally, we investigated the impact of the system generated-indirect corrective feedback (ICF) and human teachers' direct corrective feedback (DCF) in two English writing classes (N = 56 in ICF class; N = 54 in DCF class) at a key Chinese university through a web-based assignment management system. The study results indicated the feasibility of this approach that system generated ICF can be as useful as direct comments made by the teachers in terms of improving the quality of the content regarding to the structure, organization, supporting ideas, coherence, and conclusion, and encouraging students to spend more time on self-correction.

Automated Essay Feedback Generation and Its Impact on Revision