Universal safe procedure of laparoscopic cholecystectomy standardized by exposing the inner layer of the subserosal layer (with video)

An incorrect approach to the critical view of safety can cause bile duct and/or vascular injury. However, only superficial anatomical features have been proposed as surgical landmarks to initiate laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) safely in previous reports. Accordingly, we have proposed a novel surgical anatomical definition of the gallbladder wall, in which the subserosal (SS) layer is divided into the inner layer of the SS (SS-Inner) layer...