Neuroscience

Operating system

Pure mathematics

Cognitive psychology

Dual (grammatical number)

Mathematics

Computer science

Process (computing)

Information processing

Literature

Cognition

Salient

Artificial intelligence

Psychology

Social cognition

Associative property

Cognitive science

Personality and Social Psychology Review

Models postulating 2 distinct processing modes have been proposed in several topic areas within social and cognitive psychology. We advance a new conceptual model of the 2 processing modes. The structural basis of the new model is the idea, supported by psychological and neuropsychological evidence, that humans possess 2 memory systems. One system slowly learns general regularities, whereas the other can quickly form representations of unique or novel events. Associative retrieval or pattern completion in the slow-learning system elicited by a salient cue constitutes the effortless processing mode. The second processing mode is more conscious and effortful; it involves the intentional retrieval of explicit, symbolically represented rulesfrom either memory system and their use to guide processing. After presenting our model, we review existing dual-process models in several areas, emphasizing their similar assumptions of a quick, effortless processing mode that rests on well-learned prior associations and a se...

Dual-Process Models in Social and Cognitive Psychology: Conceptual Integration and Links to Underlying Memory Systems