Uplift soil–pipe interaction in granular soil

Soil–pipeline interaction for uplift in granular soil is evaluated by means of a two-dimensional, finite element (FE) continuum model with a Mohr–Coulomb (MC) yield surface for peak strength, a strain-softening relationship tied to critical void conditions, and an equivalent modulus that is consistent with soil deformation at maximum uplift resistance. The model accounts for soil migration beneath the pipe through FE mesh adjustment coordinated...