Phytochemical and Immunomodulatory Properties of an Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae) Tincture

Echinacea preparations are consumed for the prevention or treatment of upper respiratory infections.The objective of this study was to provide the first data regarding the in vitro immunomodulatory properties of the American federally endangered species Echinacea laevigata (Asteraceae).Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with root tinctures from E. laevigata, E. angustifolia, E. pallida, and E. purpurea. Cytokine production...