Reduced Frequency of a CD14⁺CD16⁺Monocyte Subset with High Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression in Cord Blood Compared to Adult Blood Contributes to Lipopolysaccharide Hyporesponsiveness in Newborns

The human innate immune response to pathogens is not fully effective and mature until well into childhood, as exemplified by various responses to Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists in newborns compared to adults. To better understand the mechanistic basis for this age-related difference in innate immunity, we compared tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) production by monocytes from cord blood (CB) and adult blood (AB) in response to LAM...