Long‐term exposure of human gingival fibroblasts to cigarette smoke condensate reduces cell growth by modulating Bax, caspase‐3 and p53 expression

Background and Objective Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of oral tissue damage leading to periodontal disease. Gingival fibroblasts, the predominant cell type inhabiting gingival connective tissue, play a critical role in remodeling and maintaining gingival structure. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long‐term exposure to cigarette smoke on human gingival fibroblast survival/apoptosis and the molecular pathways...