Ligand (biochemistry)

Physics

Receptor

Organic chemistry

Enzyme

Benzamidine

Crystallography

Metastability

Binding site

Kinetic energy

Computational chemistry

Atomic physics

Chemistry

Molecular dynamics

Quantum mechanics

Biochemistry

Binding energy

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

The understanding of protein–ligand binding is of critical importance for biomedical research, yet the process itself has been very difficult to study because of its intrinsically dynamic character. Here, we have been able to quantitatively reconstruct the complete binding process of the enzyme-inhibitor complex trypsin-benzamidine by performing 495 molecular dynamics simulations of free ligand binding of 100 ns each, 187 of which produced binding events with an rmsd less than 2 Å compared to the crystal structure. The binding paths obtained are able to capture the kinetic pathway of the inhibitor diffusing from solvent (S0) to the bound (S4) state passing through two metastable intermediate states S2 and S3. Rather than directly entering the binding pocket the inhibitor appears to roll on the surface of the protein in its transition between S3 and the final binding pocket, whereas the transition between S2 and the bound pose requires rediffusion to S3. An estimation of the standard free energy of binding gives Δ G ° = -5.2 ± 0.4 kcal/mol (cf. the experimental value -6.2 kcal/mol), and a two-states kinetic model k on = (1.5 ± 0.2) × 10 8 M -1 s -1 and k off = (9.5 ± 3.3) × 10 4 s -1 for unbound to bound transitions. The ability to reconstruct by simple diffusion the binding pathway of an enzyme-inhibitor binding process demonstrates the predictive power of unconventional high-throughput molecular simulations. Moreover, the methodology is directly applicable to other molecular systems and thus of general interest in biomedical and pharmaceutical research.

Complete reconstruction of an enzyme-inhibitor binding process by molecular dynamics simulations