Is There Evidence for Potential Harm of Electronic Cigarette Use in Pregnancy?

Background Use of electronic cigarettes (e‐cigarettes) and other nicotine containing products is increasing among women of reproductive age. The short‐ and long‐term effects of these products on both mother and fetus are unknown. Methods Because e‐cigarettes are nicotine delivery systems, we sought to conduct a comprehensive review of the effects of nicotine on the fetus. Results In utero nicotine exposure in animal models is associated with...