Lateral Response of Three-Row Groups in Loose to Dense Sands at 3D and 5D Pile Spacing

Centrifuge tests were conducted on single and 3 × 3 pile groups at three-diameter (3D) and five-diameter (5D) spacings. In all of the tests, the piles were driven and laterally loaded in flight without stopping the centrifuge. The piles simulated 430 mm diameter by 13 m long pipe piles founded in medium loose ( Dr = 33%) and medium dense ( Dr = 55%) sands. Results of the tests showed that the ratio of lateral resistance of a group to a single...