Studies that combine moderation and mediation are prevalent in basic and applied psychology research. Typically, these studies are framed in terms of moderated mediation or mediated moderation, both of which involve similar analytical approaches. Unfortunately, these approaches have important shortcomings that conceal the nature of the moderated and the mediated effects under investigation. This article presents a general analytical framework for combining moderation and mediation that integrates moderated regression analysis and path analysis. This framework clarifies how moderator variables influence the paths that constitute the direct, indirect, and total effects of mediated models. The authors empirically illustrate this framework and give step-by-step instructions for estimation and interpretation. They summarize the advantages of their framework over current approaches, explain how it subsumes moderated mediation and mediated moderation, and describe how it can accommodate additional moderator and mediator variables, curvilinear relationships, and structural equation models with latent variables.
Introduction to the second edition Harry T. Reis and Charles M. Judd 1. Scratch an itch with a brick: why we do research Susan T. Fiske Part I. Design and Inference Considerations: 2. Research design and issues of validity Marilynn B. Brewer and William D. Crano 3. Research design Eliot R. Smith 4. Causal inference and generalization in field settings: experimental and quasi-experimental designs Stephen G. West, Heining Cham and Yu Liu 5. Field research methods Elizabeth Levy Paluck and Robert B...
#1Judea Pearl(UCLA: University of California, Los Angeles)H-Index: 86
1. Introduction to probabilities, graphs, and causal models 2. A theory of inferred causation 3. Causal diagrams and the identification of causal effects 4. Actions, plans, and direct effects 5. Causality and structural models in the social sciences 6. Simpson's paradox, confounding, and collapsibility 7. Structural and counterfactual models 8. Imperfect experiments: bounds and counterfactuals 9. Probability of causation: interpretation and identification Epilogue: the art and science of cause a...
#1Dominique Muller(Paris V: Paris Descartes University)H-Index: 19
#2Charles M. Judd(CU: University of Colorado Boulder)H-Index: 36
Last. Vincent Yzerbyt(Catholic University of Leuven)H-Index: 53
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Procedures for examining whether treatment effects on an outcome are mediated and/or moderated have been well developed and are routinely applied. The mediation question focuses on the intervening mechanism that produces the treatment effect. The moderation question focuses on factors that affect the magnitude of the treatment effect. It is important to note that these two processes may be combined in informative ways, such that moderation is mediated or mediation is moderated. Although some pri...
#2Zhonglin Wen(SCNU: South China Normal University)H-Index: 15
Last. Kit-Tai Hau(CUHK: The Chinese University of Hong Kong)H-Index: 39
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Interactions between (multiple indicator) latent variables are rarely used because of implementation complexity and competing strategies. Based on 4 simulation studies, the traditional constrained approach performed more poorly than did 3 new approaches— unconstrained, generalized appended product indicator, and quasi-maximum-likelihood (QML). The authors’ new unconstrained approach was easiest to apply. All 4 approaches were relatively unbiased for normally distributed indicators, but the const...
Underpowered studies persist in the psychological literature. This article examines reasons for their persistence and the effects on efforts to create a cumulative science. The "curse of multiplicities" plays a central role in the presentation. Most psychologists realize that testing multiple hypotheses in a single study affects the Type I error rate, but corresponding implications for power have largely been ignored. The presence of multiple hypothesis tests leads to 3 different conceptualizati...
The use of the concept of 'direct' versus 'indirect' causal effects is common, not only in statistics but also in many areas of social and economic sciences. The related terms of 'biomarkers' and 'surrogates' are common in pharmacological and biomedical sciences. Sometimes this concept is represented by graphical displays of various kinds. The view here is that there is a great deal of imprecise discussion surrounding this topic and, moreover, that the most straightforward way to clarify the sit...
Last. Jason Williams(ASU: Arizona State University)H-Index: 31
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The most commonly used method to test an indirect effect is to divide the estimate of the indirect effect by its standard error and compare the resulting z statistic with a critical value from the standard normal distribution. Confidence limits for the indirect effect are also typically based on critical values from the standard normal distribution. This article uses a simulation study to demonstrate that confidence limits are imbalanced because the distribution of the indirect effect is normal ...
Mediation is said to occur when a causal effect of some variable X on an outcome Y is explained by some intervening variable M. The authors recommend that with small to moderate samples, bootstrap methods (B. Efron & R. Tibshirani, 1993) be used to assess mediation. Bootstrap tests are powerful because they detect that the sampling distribution of the mediated effect is skewed away from 0. They argue that R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny's (1986) recommendation of first testing the X --> Y associatio...
A Monte Carlo study compared 14 methods to test the statistical significance of the intervening variable effect. An intervening variable (mediator) transmits the effect of an independent variable to a dependent variable. The commonly used R. M. Baron and D. A. Kenny (1986) approach has low statistical power. Two methods based on the distribution of the product and 2 difference-in-coefficients methods have the most accurate Type I error rates and greatest statistical power except in 1 important c...
Last. Qinying Xia(CityU: City University of Hong Kong)
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Abstract Although gift giving, a catalyst of guanxi, plays an important role in doing business in China, few studies have examined how to give a proper gift within business-to-business guanxi. Drawing on guanxi and gift-giving literature, this study investigates gift acceptability in the light of gift type and guanxi in two dimensions (relational closeness and relative status) in a hierarchical Chinese business circle. We classify gifts into monetary and nonmonetary gifts. The findings from two ...
Abstract Drawing on social identity theory, we present an integrative framework that simultaneously examines the beneficial intragroup effects and detrimental intergroup effects of leader group prototypicality. We use multiphase, multisource, multilevel data to show that leader group prototypicality strengthens group members’ group identification, which, in turn, drives group members to achieve better group performance and to show less engagement in intergroup citizenship behavior. Moreover, rel...
#1Feng Zhang(SCUT: South China University of Technology)H-Index: 5
#2Lei Zhu(Guangdong University of Business Studies)
Abstract This paper provides an investigation into how social media can be used to promote disruptive innovation in small and medium enterprises (SMEs) from a capability perspective. Based on the strategic capability literature, this study examines the influence of social media strategic capability (SMSC) on disruptive innovation, the mediation role of organizational unlearning, and the moderating effects of top management team (TMT) heterogeneity and environmental dynamism. The empirical result...
Abstract Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms hold promise to reduce inequalities across race and socioeconomic status. One of the most important domains of racial and economic inequalities is medical outcomes; Black and low-income people are more likely to die from many diseases. Algorithms can help reduce these inequalities because they are less likely than human doctors to make biased decisions. Unfortunately, people are generally averse to algorithms making important moral decisions—inclu...
Last. Liang Yan(China University of Geosciences (Wuhan))H-Index: 1
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Abstract Environmental legitimacy and green absorptive capacity immensely contribute to ensuring green innovation; however, their integration in driving green innovation in mining enterprises (MEs) remains unexplored. This study surveys 133 MEs in China's mining sector and uses multi-regression analysis to investigate the relationships between environmental legitimacy, organisational factors of senior management cognition and green strategic orientation, green absorptive capacity, and green inno...
Last. Norman P. Li(Singapore Management University)H-Index: 36
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Abstract Extant findings are mixed on whether social exclusion impacts prosociality. We propose one factor that may underlie the mixed results: Cynicism. Specifically, cynicism may moderate the exclusion-prosociality link by influencing interpersonal empathy. Compared to less cynical individuals, we expected highly cynical individuals who were excluded to experience less empathy and, consequently, less prosocial behavior. Using an online ball-tossing game, participants were randomly assigned to ...
#1Tongbin Yang(Nanjing University of Science and Technology)
#2Yingming Zhu(Nanjing University of Science and Technology)
Last. Bo Zhou(NUAA: Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics)
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Abstract Water resource management may restrict economic development, and a preference for economic development may weaken the effect of water resource management. The Water Eco-Civilization City (WEC) is a significant pilot policy in China, and is designed to achieve both effective water resource management and economic development. This study assessed possible win-win outcomes of this policy by applying a water eco-efficiency (WEE) perspective. First, a slacks-based measure (SBM) was used to c...
Abstract Learning capacity and social interaction have increasingly become, respectively, the internal core of, and source of external support for, policy response. In this study, the impact of learning capacity and social interaction on the experienced utility of low-carbon lifestyle guiding policies was examined with a sample of 3257 urban residents in eastern China. Ordinary least squares and instrumental variable method were used to test the hypothesis and robustness. It was found that learn...
Abstract Introduction People who experience high levels of daily stress often resort to intensive social media use (SMU). In the short-term, this can contribute to relief and positive emotions. However, in the longer-term, intensive online activity can foster addictive tendencies. The present longitudinal study investigated the association between daily stress and addictive SMU. Methods Data were assessed in a sample of 211 social media users (Mage (SDage) = 22.50 (5.00)) from Germany via online...