Supernova

White dwarf

Stars

Neutrino

Type II supernova

Plasma

Astronomy

Astrophysics

Neutron star

Stellar evolution

Nucleosynthesis

Thermonuclear fusion

Nuclear physics

Physics

Reviews of Modern Physics

Like all true stars, massive stars are gravitationally confined thermonuclear reactors whose composition evolves as energy is lost to radiation and neutrinos. Unlike lower-mass stars $(M\ensuremath{\lesssim}{8M}_{\ensuremath{\bigodot}}),$ however, no point is ever reached at which a massive star can be fully supported by electron degeneracy. Instead, the center evolves to ever higher temperatures, fusing ever heavier elements until a core of iron is produced. The collapse of this iron core to a neutron star releases an enormous amount of energy, a tiny fraction of which is sufficient to explode the star as a supernova. The authors examine our current understanding of the lives and deaths of massive stars, with special attention to the relevant nuclear and stellar physics. Emphasis is placed upon their post-helium-burning evolution. Current views regarding the supernova explosion mechanism are reviewed, and the hydrodynamics of supernova shock propagation and ``fallback'' is discussed. The calculated neutron s...

The evolution and explosion of massive stars