Shape-memory polymers and their composites: Stimulus methods and applications

Shape-memory polymers (SMPs) undergo significant macroscopic deformation upon the application of an external stimulus (e.g., heat, electricity, light, magnetism, moisture and even a change in pH value). They have been widely researched since the 1980s and are an example of a promising smart material. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of SMPs, encompassing a fundamental understanding of the shape-memory effect, fabrication,...